Who are the three federal death row inmates whose sentences were not commuted?
President Joe Biden on Monday announced that he is commuting the sentences of 37 of the 40 people on federal death row, converting their punishments to life imprisonment.
It means just three federal inmates continue to face execution: Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Robert Bowers and Dylann Roof.
Here's what to know about the three inmates who remain on death row:
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was sentenced to death for his role in the bombing that killed three people and injured hundreds near the finish line of the Boston Marathon in 2013.
Tsarnaev was convicted in 2015 of all 30 charges against him, including conspiracy and use of a weapon of mass destruction and the killing of Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Officer Sean Collier during his and his brother's getaway attempt. Dzhokhar's older brother, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, died in a gun battle with police a few days after the April 15, 2013, bombing.
Dzhokhar's lawyers acknowledged at the very beginning of his trial that he and Tamerlan set off the two bombs that killed Lingzi Lu, a 23-year-old Boston University graduate student from China; Krystle Campbell, a 29-year-old restaurant manager from Medford, Massachusetts; and 8-year-old Martin Richard, of Boston. They argued, however, that he shouldn't have been put to death, saying his brother radicalized him and was the mastermind of the attack.
In 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court reinstated the death sentence imposed on Dzhokhar after the 1st Circuit threw out the sentence in 2020. The circuit court found then that the trial judge did not sufficiently question jurors about their exposure to extensive news coverage of the bombing. The Supreme Court justices voted 6-3 in 2022 when they ruled that the 1st Circuit’s decision was wrong.
Robert Bowers
Robert Bowers was sentenced to death for shooting and killing 11 worshippers at a synagogue in the heart of Pittsburgh’s Jewish community in 2018.
Bowers spewed hatred of Jews and espoused white supremacist beliefs online before methodically planning and carrying out the massacre at the Tree of Life synagogue, where members of three congregations had gathered for Sabbath worship and study. Bowers, a truck driver from suburban Baldwin, also wounded two worshippers and five responding police officers.
The victims killed were Joyce Fienberg, 75; Richard Gottfried, 65; Rose Mallinger, 97; Dr. Jerry Rabinowitz, 66; brothers David Rosenthal, 54, and Cecil Rosenthal, 59; Bernice Simon, 84, and her husband, Sylvan Simon, 86; Dan Stein, 71; Melvin Wax, 87; Irving Younger, 69.
Bowers was convicted of all 63 criminal counts he faced, including hate crimes resulting in death and obstruction of the free exercise of religion resulting in death.
It remains the deadliest antisemitic attack in U.S. history.
Dylann Roof
Dylann Roof was sentenced to death for the 2015 racist slayings of nine members of a Black South Carolina congregation, becoming the first person in the U.S. sentenced to death for a federal hate crime.
Roof opened fire during the closing prayer of a Bible study at Mother Emanuel AME Church in Charleston, raining down dozens of bullets on those assembled. He was 21 at the time.
The victims killed in the shooting were Clementa Pinckney, Cynthia Graham Hurd, Susie Jackson, Ethel Lance, DePayne Middleton-Doctor, Tywanza Sanders, Daniel Simmons, Sharonda Singleton and Myra Thompson.
Roof's lawyers attempted to appeal his conviction and death sentence, arguing that Roof should have been ruled incompetent to stand trial due to his mental health issues. His conviction and sentence was upheld by a federal appeals court.
The Associated Press contributed to this report